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Clinically it is important to enable the patient to find their optimal treatment frequency – which will almost certainly vary between individuals.
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It is difficult to find support for the concept that there is a single frequency that works best for every patient, but this range appears to cover the majority of individuals. The Aβ fibres appear to appreciate being stimulated at a relatively high frequency HF (in the order of 90 - 130 Hz or pps).
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Pain relief by means of the pain gate mechanism involves activation (excitation) of the A beta (Aβ) sensory fibres, and by doing so, reduces the transmission of the noxious stimulus from the ‘c’ fibres, through the spinal cord and hence on to the higher centres. For convenience, if one considers that there are two primary pain relief mechanisms which can be activated : the Pain Gate Mechanism and the Endogenous Opioid System, the variation in stimulation parameters used to activate these two systems will be briefly considered. The type of stimulation delivered by the TENS unit aims to excite (stimulate) the sensory nerves, and by so doing, activate specific natural pain relief mechanisms. The illustrations shows a 2 channel TENS unit as it has 4 lead wires (Each channel has two lead wires) with electrode pads attached. If you do a literature search on the term TENS, do not be surprised if you come across a whole lot of ‘other’ types of stimulation which technically fall into this grouping. In the clinical context, it is most commonly assumed to refer to the use of electrical stimulation with the specific intention of providing symptomatic pain relief.
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It is worth noting that the term TENS could represent the use of ANY electrical stimulation using skin surface electrodes which has the intention of stimulating nerves.
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There is an extensive research base for TENS in both the clinical and laboratory settings and whilst this summary does not provide a full review of the literature, the key papers are referenced. The effectiveness of TENS varies with the clinical pain being treated, but research would suggest that when used ‘well’ it provides significantly greater pain relief than a placebo intervention. The different methods of applying TENS relate to these different physiological mechanisms. doi:10.1089/ is a method of electrical stimulation which primarily aims to provide a degree of symptomatic pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and thereby stimulating either the pain gate mechanism and/or the opioid system. Neuropuncture, an effective treatment method for patients with subjective tinnitus accompanied with hearing loss: case reports.
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A device review of Relivion®: an external combined occipital and trigeminal neurostimulation (eCOT-NS) system for self-administered treatment of migraine and major depressive disorder.
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Update of neuromodulation in chronic migraine. Acute migraine therapy with external trigeminal neurostimulation (ACME): a randomized controlled trial. doi:10.1016/j.neucir.2019.07.003Ĭhou DE, Shnayderman Yugrakh M, Winegarner D, Rowe V, Kuruvilla D, Schoenen J. Trigeminal root massage in microsurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia patients without arterial compression: when, how and why. Urculo E, Elua A, Arrazola M, Torres P, Torres S, Undabeitia J.
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